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Zincirli (Sam'al)
Sam'al was the capital of the Late Hittite kingdom of the area from about 10th centurty to 7th century BCE. It was first excavated by German Oriental Society between 1888 and 1902. They found a heavily fortified citadel within a larger double walled fortification with 100 bastions and three gates. Excavations revealed giant statues of lions, numerous orthostats and inscriptions in Aramaic, Phoenician, Luwian, and Akkadian. Most of the finds are in Istanbul Archeology Museum and Vorderasiatisches Museum in Berlin.
37°06'9 N - 36°40'42 E Google Earth location Click on pictures for a larger image.
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| The Citadel |
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| Outer City Gate (South Gate) |
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| Outer Citadel Gate - West Wing Orthostats |
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| Outer Citadel Gate - East Wing Orthostats |
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| Spinx and Lions |
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| From Northern Hall |
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| Storm God from Hilani J |
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Image sources:
Kurt Bittel, Die Hethiter, Beck, München 1976, ISBN 3406030246.
Bora Bilgin, 2003, 2006.
Ekrem Akurgal, The Hattian and Hittite Civilizations, KTB, Ankara, 2001.
Tayfun Bilgin, 2006
Kings of Sam'al
Gabbar, contemporary of Salmanassar III (858-824)
Bamah, son of Gabbar
Chajan, son of Bamah (before 830)
Kilamuwa, son of Chajan around 830
Panammuwa I.
Qaral
Panammuwa II, son of Qaral (around 750)
Barrakib
Usurpator, till 738
Panammû II († 732)
Son Pammuhûs, 732-?